美国奈大的功能对等理论。Nida's funtional equivalence.
Newmark纽马克 semantic transaltion and communicative tranlation.第一种侧重于文字意思的翻译。第二种则侧重交际意图的传达。the first focus on literal translation.the second focus on delivering the communicative intention to target audience
标准古有‘信达雅’faithfulness,expressiveness, elegance.
忠实、通顺 faithfulness and smoothfulness
方法归化domestication异化foreinization
加译addition,减译delection,直译literal translation,意译free translation