没有区别,只是使用频率前者更高一些.
In my opinion,saying "I didn't have time to go to the store..." sounds better than saying "I had no time to go to the store..." They are both heard in the area that I live,but the second one isn't as common.
In regards to the uses of the two,there are not any differences in their meanings.The tone of your voice will depict your feelings when using either phrase.