英语翻译

The recent,apparently successful,prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El Nino厄尔尼诺现象—the warm ocean flow that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South America has excited researchers．Jacob Bjerknes pointed out years ago how winds might create either abnormally（反常的） warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial （赤道附近的） Pacific．Nevertheless,before the creation of the models,no one could explain why conditions should regularly change between appearances of the warm El Nino（厄尔尼诺） and the so-called anti-El Nino．The answer,at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct,is to be found in the ocean．

x05It has long been known that during an El Nino,two conditions exist:unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific and winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east．The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino,which raise sea level in the east,send a signal to the west lowering sea level at the same time．According to the model,that signal is created as a negative （负的） Rossby wave,a wave of lower sea level,that moves westward parallel平行 to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day．Taking months to move across the Pacific,Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacific basin,which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of由...组成 quite irregular island chains．

x05When the waves meet the western boundary,they are reflected,and the model predicts that Rossby waves will be broken into many coastal Kelvin waves carrying the same negative sea-level signal．These eventually shoot急流 toward the equator,and then head eastward along the equator drove by the earth at a．speed of about．250 kilometers per day．When enough Kelvin开尔文波 waves of adequate amplitude （振幅） arrive from the western Pacific,their negative sea-level signal讯号 overcomes the feedback mechanism（反馈机制）,raising the sea level,and they begin to drive the system into the opposite cold mode（模式）．This produces a gradual change in winds,one that will eventually send positive sea-level Rossby waves westward,waves that will eventually return as cold cycle—ending positive Kelvin waves beginning another warming cycle．

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