hardly
hard.ly
adv.（副词）
Barely; just.
仅仅：几乎没有；刚刚
To almost no degree; almost not:
几乎不：任何程度上几乎不；几乎没有：
I could hardly hear the speaker.
我几乎听不到演说者的声音
Probably or almost surely not:
可能或几乎肯定不：
“Easily was a man made an infidel,but hardly might he be converted to another faith”(T.E.Lawrence)
“一个人可以轻易地变为不信宗教的人,但几乎不可能转而相信另外一种信仰”(T.E.劳伦斯)
With severity; harshly.
严厉地；粗鲁地
With great difficulty; painfully.
非常困难地；痛苦地
中古英语 hardli
源自 古英语 heardlºe [粗鲁地,勇敢地]
源自 heard [坚硬的]
Hardly 和一个否定词在一起的用法在标准英语中应尽量避免,一些批评学家一直怀疑象hardly,rarely 和 scarcely 这样的副词在传统的双重否定的句中应被视为否定词,这样的词使句子象I couldn't hardly see him 和 I didn't get none 一样被弄糟了,他们争论说,毕竟句子Mary hardly laughed 的意思是玛丽的确笑了,而不是她没笑,所以不表示否定的建议.但是hardly 和 scarcely 和其他的否定表示一起在许多方面出现,举例说,他们和象any 和 at all 这样独特的和否定上下文联系的条目组合在一起,我们说I hardly saw him at all 或 I never saw him at all ,但并不是I occasionally saw him at all； 我们说I hardly had any time 或 I didn't have any time 但不是I had any time 等.象其它否定副词,hardly 在句子开头时引起主语和助动词的倒装,于是我们说Hardly had I arrived when she left,和 Never have I read such a book 或 At no time has he condemned the movement.等同样的句型.别的副词并不用这样的倒装：我们不能说Occasionally has he addressed this question 或 To a slight degree have they changed their position .事实是象hardly 这样的副词语义上是否定的,他们限定修饰了与不发生有关的状态或事件.于是hardly 的意思大概是“几乎根本不”； rarely 的意思大概是“实际上没有”；等等.这些副词在他们的意思里留有否定的成分,语法学家们对hardly 和否定词组合的反应和对一对否定词如 not 和 none组合的反应一样是不足为奇的 参见 double negative,rarely,scarcely
