y的用法小结
介词by是中学英语中比较活跃的一个词.它词义多,用法广泛.现将其用法作一归纳与简析：
1.by表示“在……旁边”,常常可以等于by the side of.例如：
there is an old big tree by (by the side of)the river.河边有一棵古老的大树.
the children are playing by the village.孩子们正在村边玩耍.
2.by表“用某种方法”或“用某种手段”.例如：
we often go to guanzhou by bus.我们常常乘公共汽车去官舟.
the gloves were made by hand.这些手套是手工做的.
my father and i are talking with each other by telephone.我和父亲正在通过电话交谈.
3.by oneself(=alone)结构,意思为“独自地”.例如：
i learned japanese by myself.我自学日语.
mr.wang went for a holiday by himself.王先生独自一个人去度假.
4.by表示“依据,根据”.例如：
by my watch,it is 8 o'clock now.我的表是八点.
5.know/learn something by heart,意思为“牢记在心,能背出”.例如：
we all learned the song by heart.我们都把那首歌背了起来.
6.by用于被动语态中,引出动作的完成者,意思为“被……；由……”.例如：
the door was broken by li lei.门是被李雷弄坏的.
the delicious food was eaten up by a cat.那些可口的食物被一只猫吃光了.
7.by用来表示时间,意思为“到……时候”.例如：
by the end of last term we had learned fifty poems.到上学期结束时,我们已经学完了五十首诗.
the work will have been finished by noon.到中午的时候,工作就会完成了.
8.by表示“经过”,可以指时间,也可以指空间,通常跟动词go,come等连用.例如：
my father went by our school without coming to see me.我父亲从我们学校经过,没有来看我.
as time goes by,the weather gets warmer.随着时间的推移,天气变得更加暖和了.
9.by表示“按……”,如时间,长度,重量等.例如：
we sell cloth by the yard.我们论码卖布.
they rent a house by the year.他们按年租屋.
10.by表示“(倍数)乘,(程度)相差,(标准,尺度)按照,以……计算.”例如：
this is a room 5m by 4m.这是一个长5米宽4米的房间.
11.by far修饰比较级,最高级,强调数量,程度等.例如：
his handwriting is clearer by far.他的书写清楚多了.
12.by and by表示“不久以后”.例如：
by and by,more and more people began to study english.不久以后,越来越多的人开始学习英语了.
13.lead sb.by the hand/nose表示“牵着某人的手/鼻子”.例如：
mother led me by the hand when we were crossing the street.我们过马路时,妈妈牵着我的手.
14.by表示“由于”.例如：
i took the umbrella by mistake.我错拿了这把伞.
15.side by side表示“肩并肩,并排着”.例如：
the two bottles stood side by side on the table.这两个瓶子并排摆在桌上.
16.day by day表示“一天一天地”.例如：
the boy is growing day by day.这孩子一天一天地长大了.
17.call someone by name表示“叫某人的名字”.例如：
he calls all the students by name.他招呼学生们时都叫名字.
18.by the way 表示“顺便说一下,顺便问一下”.例如：
by the way,what time is it by your watch?顺便问一下,你的表几点了?
