动词时态与语态是两个非常重要的语法范畴,构成了英语语法的基本框架.因此时态与语态也是高考中出现频率最高的语法项目.英语有十六种时态,但常考的主要有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时及完成进行时等.语态一般不单独设题,通常结合时态进行综合考查.
（一）时态概念
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生的时间的各种形式.英语中有十六种动词时态形式,但常见的有九种,见下表：
时态名称 表示
时间 表达的意义 例 句
一
般
现在
时
现
在 习惯于或经常性动作 Class begins at eight every morning .
状况 He looks very pale .
瞬间动作 There comes the school bus .
过
去 描述过去的事实,以求描述的生动性 The river rises higher and higher , breaks the banks and fills all low places .
将
来 固定不变或不易变的动作或状态 Tomorrow is Sunday .
（在时间或条件从句中）表示将来的动作或状态 When he arrives ,we’ll go out to meet him .
It will be 3 hours before I come back .
不受时间限制的动作或状态 The sun rises in the east .
Practice makes perfect.
一
般
过
去
时
过
去 某时（或某段时间内）的动作 He traveled in France last year.
状态 He was in Shenzheng some years ago .
习惯动作 When I was at college , I wrote home once a month.
先后一连串动作 He went to town ,bought some books and visited his daughter.
现在或将来 非真实的动作或状态,属虚拟语气范畴 It’s time we had supper.
If he arrived tomorrow , I should meet him at the airport.
一
般
将
来
时
将
来 某个时刻（或某段时间内）将要发生的动作,更多地用于带有条件从句的主句中 He will come next week . I’ll ask her as soon as she comes.
状态 Your dress will be ready soon.
现
在 预测现在某事可能要发生了 It’s ten o’clock . Mary will be in bed by now.
现在的习惯 A lion will never attack an elephant .
现在的需要 Shall I help you ?
对将来的事情现在作出决定 ---Which shirt do you want ?
---I’ll take the red one, please.
现
在
进
行
时
现
在 某时（或某段时间内）正在进行的动作 He is writing a letter now. She is visiting Shanghai this week .
婉转口气 I’m hoping to hear from you soon.
带有感情色彩的叙述 The boy is always talking in class.
将
来 按计划一般不易变更的动作 The train is leaving at 11:00 p.m..
（在时间或条件从句中）表示将来的动作 When you are cycling along the street , don’t’ forget the traffic light.
过去进行时
过
去 某时（或时间段内）进行的动作 I was doing my homework this time last night.
故事发生的背景 The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.
带有感情色彩的叙述 He was making trouble all the time .
过去说话前不久的动作 I was telling him his mother was ill .
婉转口气 I was hoping you could help me.
过去将来时
过去 间接引用某人过去的话和想法 He warned us that the journey would be dangerous .
习惯性动作 At dusk , these old ladies would sit in rocking chairs and talk.
现
在 非真实的动作或状态 If I were you , I would study French .
客气的请求 Would you mind helping me ?
愿望 I would like a cup of tea.
现
在
完
成
时
完
成
用
法 现在时间前完成的动作留下的结果或影响 He has turned off the light .
I have been to Japan .
现在时间前已做的动作 He is reading the book that he has bought recently .
（在时间或条件从句中）表示在将来某个时间前先要做完的动作 I’ll return the book to you as soon as I have finished it .
未完成用法
直到现在为止尚未完成的动作 He has lived in Wuhan since last summer.
过
去
完
成
时 完成用法 过去某一时刻或某一事件前完成的动作或状态 By the end of last term we had learned 3000 English words.
未完成用法 过去某一时刻或某一事件前已发生但未完成的动作 By December last year , he had worked in Beijing for five years .
其他用法
表示非真实的,想象的过去动作或状态 I wish I had told him about it . If she had worked harder , she would have succeeded.
They had meant to see me off at the airport , but they got there too late.
（二） 时态的运用
1．现在时等表示将来时
【重点提示】 用现在时表示将来时往往出现在以下状语从句中：if , unless , even if 等引导的条件状语从句；when , before ; after ; once ; until ; till ; as soon as ; (the moment ;immediately )等引导的时间状语从句；no matter what/ who/ which/ when/ where/ how 或whatever/ whoever/ whenever/ wherever/ however/ whichever引导的让步状语从句.
在上述从句中如果主句是将来时（往往出现will , shall , can , must 等情态动词或祈使句）,从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时.如：
I’ll not go to his birthday party unless I’m invited.
Tell him the news as soon as he comes back .
有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作（句中带有时间状语）,但限于少数动词如begin , come , leave, go arrive , start , stop , return , open , close等.如：
The meeting begins at seven .
The train starts at nine in the morning .
当主句是过去将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时.如：
He said he would go for a holiday when he finished his work.
上述从句中还用现在完成时表示将来完成时,此时强调从句动作在主句之前发生.如：
You can’t go out until you have finished your homework .(先完成作业再出去玩.)
2．过去时在语境中的运用
【重点提示】在没有明确时间状语的情况下,考生对过去时的判定往往会失误,原因是只凭汉语直译而不看语境.语境中的过去时往往表示“刚才、刚刚”之意,暗示现在已“不再这样”.如：
I never thought he would do that .
3.现在完成时与一般过去时
【重点提示】考生很容易将现在完成时误用为一般过去时,原因是没有深刻领会“现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响”这句话的含义.一般过去时仅仅说明动作在过去,不强调对现在的影响.如：
---Where have you put the recorder? I can’t find it anywhere!
---I put it right here , but now it’s gone .
问句用现在完成时,表明说话者在找录音机,希望对方告诉他录音机在哪里.而答语用过去时,因为“录音机已经不见了”.“刚才”把录音机放这儿与“现在不见了”没有直接关系.
4．某些固定的句式中的时态
【重点提示】在某些固定的句式中,其时态是固定的、约定俗成的.
1） This / It is / will be the first / second ---time +that 从句一般用现在完成时,若主句be动词用was ,则that 从句用过去完成时.如：
This is the first time I have come here.
It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
2） It is / has been + 一段时间+since 从句.Since 从句中一般用过去时,如果将前边的is 改成was ,则since 从句中用过去完成时.如：
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time .
3) be about to do ---when ---意为“即将------（这时）突然------”.如：
I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
4) be (was / were ) doing--- when ---意为“正在干------（这时）突然------”.如：
They were playing football when Jack shouted in pain .
5) Hardly had ---done ---when--- ; No sooner had --- done ---than---
when 和than 从句里也用过去时,表示“刚刚------就------”.如：
Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down .
No sooner had the villagers left the burning building than it fell down into pieces .
6) It + be +一段时间+before 从句
该句式分两种情况：若主句用将来时,则从句用一般现在时表将来时,意为多长时间以后即将发生某事；若主句用过去时,从句也用过去时,意为多长时间后发生了某事.如：
It wont’ be long before he succeeds.(=He will soon succeed.)
It was ten years before they met again .(=They met again ten years later.)
5.现在完成进行时
【重点提示】 现在完成进行时主要表示动作开始于过去某时,一直持续到现在,当然中间动作有时并非无停顿.事实上现在完成进行时除了表示动作“已完成”的概念外,也可以表示动作“未完成”概念,一般可换用,但口语中更倾向于用现在完成进行时.如：
He has taught English for 10 years.
也可说成: He has been teaching English for 10 years .
下列最好用现在完成进行时,因为带有一定的感情色彩.如：
Where have you been ? I’ve been telephoning you the whole morning !
He’s been talking to me since this morning .
6.非延续性（终止性）动词怎样表示一段时间
【重点提示】 非延续性动词有mary , die , close , arrive , post , come , fall , leave, go , break , give , join , jump , receive, buy , borrow , become , start , begin , graduate等.这些非延续性动词如果用于现在完成时,不能与表示一段时间的时间状语for ---, since ---连用.如：
可以说：I have bought an Audi car.
不可以说：I have bought an Audi car for a year.
如果要表示一段时间,句中不能用终止性动词,一定要用相应的延续性动词.如：
I have had an Audi car for a year.
也可以用以下方式：
I bought an Audi car a year ago .
It’s / has been a year since I bought an Audi car.
二、 语态
当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语要用被动语态.被动语态由be动词+动词过去分词构成,时态通过be 的变化形式来体现.如：
The bridge is being built now .
He was asked a lot of questions at the meeting .
动词say , believe , report , announce , suppose ,know ,consider ,hope 等以it 作主语时用被动语态,后面接that 从句.如：
It is said that our football team has won the game .
【重点提示】 英语中有时用主动形式表示被动含义,主要有以下三种情况：谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词短语.
(一) 用谓语动词的形式表示被动含义
1． 表示状态特征的连系动词look , sound , feel ,smell , taste , prove, appear+形容词/ 名词构成的系表结构.
The steel feels cold.
His plan proved (to be )practical .
2.表示“开始”、“结束”、“运动”的动词,如begin , finish , start , open , close , stop , end , shut , run, move.
Work began at 7 o’clock this morning .
The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day .
3.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词,如read, write ,act , sell , wash , clean ,open , cook,lock ,shut ,dry ,eat , drink.这类动词一般不单独使用,常加上一个修饰语.如：
This coat dries easily .
The pen writes smoothly.
4.少数动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动含义.如 ：print , build , cook , fry , hang ,make .
The books are printing .
（二）用非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义
1. want , need , require 作“需要”讲时,后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义,这时动名词同句子的主语之间在逻辑上有动宾关系.如：
The house needs / wants / requires repairing .
2. 形容词worth 后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义
This problem is well worth considering .
The close game is worth watching .
3. 不定式在某些形容词（difficult ,easy ,hard ,comfortable , pleasant , fit ,unfit , light , heavy ,good , safe ,dangerous ）后作状语且和句子的主语（或宾语）构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,用主动形式表示被动含义,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 如：
The question is difficult (for me )to understand .
She is easy (for people )to get along with .
4. 不定式作名词的后置定语,与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句的主语后宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动式表被动含义.如：
I have a lot of work to do this evening .
5. 在there be 句型中修饰主语的动词不定式用主动形式和被动形式皆可.在口语中多用主动形式.如：
There are many things to do / be done .
6. 不定式to let , to blame 等表示被动意义.如：
The car is to let. (汽车出租.)
（三） 介词in , on , under 等+n. 构成的介词短语表示被动意义
The house facing the lake is in the possession of John.
=The house facing the lake is possessed by John.
The question is under discussion .=The question is being discussed .
【命题趋势】
历年来高考中时态题一般要求考生能够根据上下文捕捉和体会动作发生的时间信息,充分注意题干中语境,准确判断时态,弄清句子主语和谓语之间的主动关系和被动关系；熟练掌握英语动词的各种时态,并侧重区别一般过去时与现在完成时、一般过去时与过去完成时的用法.一般来说考进行时和完成时的频率更高一点.语态一般很少单独设题,往往穿插在时态中进行综合考查,要求考生掌握各种时态的被动形式尤其是现在进行时的被动语态和过去完成时的被动语态.
