(1)过去时/ By + (动词过去式) + (受格)...
以(主格 + be的过去式/was,were,was + 形容词)
或(主格 + 动词过去式)来引导
例:He was sad by lost the game.
I got late by wait for her.
(2)现在时/ By + 现在或过去分词 + 受格
以(主格 + am,are,is/be的现在式 + 形容词)或(主格 + 动词)来引导
例:I am busy by writting my homework.
You can say sorry by doing wrong.
(3)将来时/ By + (动词) + (复词)
以(主格 + will/将来式 + be + 形容词)或(主词 + 动词 + 受格)加在前面来引导
例:I will be rich by work hard .
I will be back by over the travel .
BY后面加(名词)没有分时间性...
例:All by myself.